Financial Inclusion in Iraq Between the Challenges of Reality and the Foundations of Structural Change

Authors

  • Asst. Lecturer Mustafa Mohammed Talib College of Administration and Economics / University of Kufa
  • Asst. Lecturer Sarah F. Altalaqani College of Administration and Economics / University of Kufa
  • Dr. Ali Hamza Jiyad College of Administration and Economics / University of Kufa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55640/jme-06-07-02

Keywords:

Financial inclusion, digital transformation, Iraq, digital financial inclusion

Abstract

The present paper examines the current situation with financial inclusion in Iraq in connection with the demands of digital transformation. This is achieved through defining the conceptual models of financial inclusion and digital transformation, based on regional and international experience, and analyzing the current situation with digital transformation and financial inclusion in Iraq using existing digital and financial indicators. It turns out that there is some progress in digital infrastructure, while at the same time there is growth in the number of electronic financial channels. At the same time, there is a certain range of challenges, especially of the institutional and legislative character, which prevent further progress of financial inclusion.

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References

First: Arabic References

Akram Neama Ali. (2024). Digital transformation and its role in some economic variables: Foundations and requirements. Al-Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 20 (Special Issue), Iraq.

Central Bank of Iraq. (2016). Annual Financial Stability Report. Monetary and Financial Stability Department, Iraq.

Central Bank of Iraq. (2017-2024). Annual Economic Report. Department of Statistics and Research, Iraq.

Louzri, Nadia. (2021). The reality of financial inclusion in Arab countries and mechanisms for enhancing it: A comparative study of the level of financial inclusion in a group of Arab countries. Journal of Economics and Management Research, 2(2), Algeria.

Arab Digital Economy Index. (2020). COVID-19 and the necessity of transition to the digital economy: The Arab vision for the digital economy.

Arab Digital Economy Index. (2024). Arab Digital Economy Index. Arab Federation for Digital Economy.

Second: Foreign References

Al Rifai, M., & AlBaker, Y. (2025). The Role of Financial Technology in Enhancing Financial Inclusion: A Regulatory Perspective on Current Industry Trends. Corporate & Business Strategy Review, 6(1), Qatar.

Chu, Y., et al. (2022). Can Digitalization Foster Sustainable Financial Inclusion? Opportunities for Both Banks and Vulnerable Groups. Sustainability, 14(3), China.

Ha, D., et al. (2025). Financial Inclusion and Fintech: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Literature Review. Financial Innovation, 11, Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-024-00741-0

Hossain, M. E., et al. (2024). FinTech Innovation and Financial Inclusion in Malaysia: A Systematic Review. In Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Creative Communication and Innovative Technology (ICCIT). IEEE, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

International Monetary Fund. (2017). Measuring Financial Inclusion in Jordan.

Ozili, P. K. (2020). Theories of Financial Inclusion. SSRN Electronic Journal. Central Bank of Nigeria.

Third: Reports, Documents, and Working Papers

International Monetary Fund, & World Bank. (2019). Financial Inclusion Report.

United Nations. (2010-2022). United Nations E-Government Survey. New York: United Nations.

World Bank. World Bank Data. Retrieved from: https://www.albankaldawli.org/ext/ar/home

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Published

2026-07-07

How to Cite

Asst. Lecturer Mustafa Mohammed Talib, Asst. Lecturer Sarah F. Altalaqani, & Dr. Ali Hamza Jiyad. (2026). Financial Inclusion in Iraq Between the Challenges of Reality and the Foundations of Structural Change. Journal of Management and Economics, 6(07), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.55640/jme-06-07-02