Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals

Faith, Culture, And Youth Identity: Examining Christian Education Among Oraon Communities

2026-09-03T07:40:08+00:00

Christian education among indigenous communities operates at the intersection of religious instruction, cultural transmission, social mobility, and identity formation. Among Oraon communities, particularly in the context of Chhattisgarh, educational institutions and Christian educational initiatives may contribute simultaneously to the strengthening of community identity and to transformations in language, cultural practices, and social orientation. This paper examines the relationship between Christian education, cultural continuity, and youth identity among Oraon communities through a qualitative, literature-based analytical approach. The study synthesizes the provided scholarship on tribal identity, education, Christianity, cultural capital, nationalism, language change, and indigenous social organization. Bourdieu's concept of capital provides a theoretical basis for examining education as a mechanism through which social, cultural, and symbolic resources are acquired and converted. The analysis indicates that Christian education should not be understood simply as religious schooling; rather, it represents a complex social process through which young people negotiate inherited cultural traditions and changing educational, religious, and socioeconomic environments. The paper identifies language shift, institutional education, religious affiliation, and access to new forms of cultural capital as significant dimensions of identity negotiation. At the same time, the analysis demonstrates that educational transformation does not necessarily produce complete cultural displacement. Oraon youth may selectively incorporate educational and religious resources while retaining elements of collective identity. The paper concludes that culturally responsive Christian education requires greater recognition of indigenous language, cultural memory, community participation, and locally meaningful forms of knowledge.

Balancing GATS Obligations and The Public Interest in Light of Turkiye's Schedule of Specific Commitments and Uzbekistan's WTO Accession

2026-09-22T05:23:55+00:00

This article examines how GATS reconciles binding services-liberalisation commitments with States' regulatory space for public-interest objectives, using Turkiye's 1994 Schedule of Specific Commitments as a case study for Uzbekistan's ongoing WTO accession. It shows that the GATS governmental-authority exception (Article I:3(b)-(c)) is narrower and legally more uncertain than commonly assumed, so the real safeguard for public interest lies in scheduling choices: which sectors are left fully open, "Unbound", or subject to calibrated limitations. Turkiye's schedule shows a differentiated strategy: broad openness in tourism, calibrated limits in maritime, postal and technical-testing services, and caution in education and health. The article argues that Uzbekistan, negotiating its own schedule from scratch, should not rely on the governmental-authority exception for its mixed public–private health and education systems, but should instead adopt Turkiye's technique of explicit, mode-specific limitations to reconcile liberalisation gains with the protection of essential public functions.

Coal Before Oil: Nigeria’s Energy Template

2026-09-09T12:43:52+00:00

Nigeria's energy paradox is usually told as a story about oil: a country that sits on some of the world's richest hydrocarbon reserves yet cannot keep the lights on for most of its own people. The story conventionally opens in 1956, at the Oloibiri well. This article argues that the opening scene is misplaced. Four decades earlier, coal discovered at Enugu in 1909 and mined commercially from 1915 had already produced the template that the oil economy would later occupy: a railway built to move fuel rather than people, an electricity grid wired to enclaves rather than to the population, a legal order that vested the subsoil in the state rather than in those who lived above it, and a labour regime that met resistance with coercion. Drawing on labour historiography, statutory analysis, and environmental and energy scholarship, the article traces this template from its colonial origins through its survival into the petroleum age, arguing that Nigeria's twin crises of energy poverty and environmental injustice are not two problems but one arrangement, fixed before the first barrel of oil was ever pumped.

Ukrainian and Russian Cross Border Conflict Dynamics: The Humanitarian Crisis Response Management 2014 2024

2026-09-25T08:38:48+00:00

This paper aimed to examine the evolving cross-border conflict dynamics in the Ukraine and Russian rivalry from 2014-2024, focusing on the humanitarian crisis response mechanism and its effectiveness in managing a decade long geopolitical conflict. The mixed method approaches were applied to aid the study. Several secondary sources on humanitarian responses were consulted which includes: Policy documents, UN humanitarian response reports, scholarly journals books and conference papers. The Humanitarian Crisis response management strategies, cross border conflict and territorial annexation as a political legal instrument theories were applied to analyze the multi-layered nature of the cross-border conflict and the humanitarian response mechanism. The findings revealed several efforts to ameliorate the humanitarian crisis response strategy since the crisis erupted in 2014. The findings also went further to reveal the lapses and shortcoming of the humanitarian efforts by government agencies and other bodies, showing that not much efforts have been done to deescalate the hostility to solve the humanitarian crisis response. The paper suggested that the way forward out of this quagmire is the application of diplomatic negotiations, military and economic assistance to Ukraine, more humanitarian aids/assistance to both countries among others. The paper concluded that more flexible frameworks that can address cross-border conflict should be invigorated while maintaining humanitarian principle and supporting geo-political stability initiatives to end the decades of crisis management and conflict between the two countries

Peculiarities of The Detention of Juvenile Suspects: National and International Standards of Protection

2026-09-16T07:36:20+00:00

This article examines the procedural specifics of applying detention as a measure of procedural compulsion to juvenile suspects. Drawing on the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and specialized United Nations instruments — the Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (“Beijing Rules”), the Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (“Havana Rules”), and the Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (“Riyadh Guidelines”) — the article identifies international standards for protecting children during detention and compares them against the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is found that, despite certain positive developments (the mandatory participation of defense counsel from the moment of actual detention, the mandatory involvement of a psychologist and/or educator in the questioning of minor victims and witnesses, and the introduction of the institution of the investigating judge), national legislation does not establish reduced or otherwise age-differentiated periods of detention and does not provide for the separate custody of minors from adults at the initial stage of detention. Proposals are formulated for eliminating the gaps identified.