Mining Obscure User Tendencies with Machine-Learning-Based Classification Approaches
Keywords:
Machine Learning, Behavioral Analytics, Clustering, Classification ModelsAbstract
The rapid expansion of digital platforms and intelligent transportation systems has resulted in the generation of large-scale heterogeneous user behavior data. Extracting meaningful and non-obvious behavioral patterns—referred to as obscure user tendencies—has become a critical research challenge in machine learning and data analytics. These hidden tendencies often remain undetected using conventional analytical approaches due to their sparse occurrence, contextual dependency, and non-linear relationships. This paper investigates machine-learning-based classification approaches for identifying and mining such latent behavioral patterns by synthesizing techniques from transportation analytics, IoT-based monitoring systems, and clustering-driven segmentation models.
A central contribution of this research is the integration of clustering-driven preprocessing with supervised classification models to detect latent behavioral structures. Inspired by advanced clustering methodologies used in customer segmentation (Jatav et al., 2025), the paper extends these principles to identify hidden user mobility and interaction patterns in smart transportation ecosystems. The proposed framework emphasizes feature engineering, multi-layer classification pipelines, and behavioral anomaly detection mechanisms.
Findings from the synthesized literature indicate that hybrid models combining clustering and classification outperform standalone predictive models in identifying low-frequency behavioral events. Moreover, IoT-enabled systems enhance the granularity of behavioral data, enabling more precise classification of user tendencies (Kumar et al., 2020; Kamal & Geetha, 2019). However, challenges such as data sparsity, computational overhead, and real-time processing constraints remain significant limitations.
This study concludes that machine-learning-based classification, when combined with behavioral clustering and real-time data acquisition systems, provides a scalable and efficient approach for mining obscure user tendencies across complex digital environments.
References
Al-Ameen, M. R. S. Sulaiman, and A. B. Al-Haiqi, “A Real-Time Bus Tracking System for Smart Cities using MQTT and Apache Kafka,” 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Monterey, CA, USA, 2019, pp. 282 - 290.
M. I. Ahmed, G. Madhusudhan, N. M. K. Varma, T. Shalini, G. R. Babu, D. G. Arora, and F. Unnisa, “Web-Based Application for Bus Tracking and Management,” International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, vol. 05, no. 05, pp. [PageRange], May 2023.
R. Bandhan, S. Garg, B. K. Rai, G. Agarwal, “Real-Time Web-Based Bus Tracking System,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 20 - 24, Apr. 2016.
S. Chettri and N. Ahamed, “Bus Tracking System using GPS and GSM Technology,” 2018 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICICT), Rourkela, India, 2018, pp. 1 - 4.
S. N. Chouhan and R. P. Singh, “GPS-GPRS Based Real-Time Bus Tracking and Passenger Information System,” International Journal of Latest Engineering and Management Research, vol. 2, no. 2, 2019.
A. Dutta, B. Roy, A. Saha, and A. Choudhury, “Real-Time Bus Tracking System using GPS and GSM Module,” 2019 5th International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2019, pp. 79 - 83.
R. Gang, D. Liu, and Y. Gao, “Research on Real-Time Bus Arrival Time Prediction Based on Internet of Things,” 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Anti-counterfeiting, Security, and Identification (ASID), Xiamen, China, 2018, pp. 360 - 363.
A. Ghose and M. Sharma, “A Survey of Real Time Bus Arrival Time Prediction Models,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.0313, 2014.
T. R. Goyal, A. Sharma, and M. Rastogi, “Real-Time Bus Tracking System using GPS and GSM Modem,” 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Sustainable Energy Systems (ICETEESES), Dehradun, India, 2016, pp. 1 - 6.
S. Guduru and R. Sreeram, “GPS and RFID Based Real-Time Bus Tracking and Passenger Information System,” 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), Chennai, India, 2017, pp. 581 - 584.
T. Han and J. Yang, “GPS-Based Bus Arrival Time Prediction Using Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics, 2017.
S. Islam and M. S. Islam, “Real-Time Bus Tracking and Ticketing System using GPS and GSM,” 2018 21st International Conference of Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018, pp. 1 - 6.
D. S. Jatav, M. H. Mirza, M. Pal, A. Tripathi and R. Nair, "Uncovering Latent Behavioral Patterns Using Advanced Clustering in Customer Segmentation," 2025 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies (ICACT), Tirupati, India, 2025, pp. 590-595, doi: 10.1109/ICACT67549.2025.11351402.
A. K. Jha, P. K. Sharma, and N. Kumar, “Smart Bus Tracking System using IoT and Android Application,” 2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TEL-NET), Gwalior, India, 2017, pp. 168 - 171.
T. S. Kamal and V. Geetha, “IoT Based Smart Bus Tracking System,” International Journal of Information Systems and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, 2019.
A. Khan, M. R. Islam, and M. Z. Islam, “A Smart Bus Tracking and Information System using GPS and GSM Technology,” 2016 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2016, pp. 1 - 6.
M. Khan, M. Islam, and S. Saha, “Bus Tracking System using GPS and GSM Modem,” 2015 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2015, pp. 1 - 5.
S. Kumar, A. Sharma, and V. Kumar, “IoT Based Bus Tracking and Alert System Using Raspberry Pi,” 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2020, pp. 785 - 789.
A. T. Mustafa, N. Khalid, A. Z. Azwandi, and N. A. Bakar, “Development of Smart Bus Tracking and Management System,” Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, vol. 12, 2020.
N. A. Norizam, N. Z. Abdullah, and A. Kadir, “Development of a Real-Time Bus Tracking and Monitoring System using GPS and GSM Technology,” 2019 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics (RSM), Putrajaya, Malaysia, 2019, pp. 135 - 140.
M. Patel, P. Kumar, D. Thakkar, R. Shah, and H. Thakkar, “Real-Time Bus Tracking System,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 9, no. 06, pp. 721 - 725, Jun. 2020.
A. Roy and K. Bhattacharya, “Design and Development of a Real-Time GPS-GPRS Based Vehicle Tracking and Fleet Management System,” Electrical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, vol. 2, 2019.
S. B. Singh and P. Sharma, “Real-Time Bus Tracking and Passenger Information System,” International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2016.
K. Singh and A. Sharma, “Real-Time Bus Tracking and Management using GPS and GSM Technology,” 201
M. Srinivas, M. K. Chaitanya, and K. Kiran Kumar, “Real-Time Bus Tracking and Passenger Information System,” 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Bangalore, India, 2018, pp. 1486 - 1490.
N. Vijayakumar, “Real-Time Bus Tracking and Arrival Time Prediction System,” 2017 International Conference on Smart Technologies for Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), Bangalore, India, 2017, pp. 771 - 775.
R. H. Yasin, A. M. Yusop, and K. Dimyati, “Mobile Bus Tracking System using GPS and GSM,” 2018 5th International Conference on Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering - Recent Challenges of Electrical Engineering and their Impact on Technology Development, Pilsen, Czech Republic, 2018, pp. 1 - 6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sofia Almeida

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Individual articles are published Open Access under the Creative Commons Licence: CC-BY 4.0.